We have been using developing different kinds of optical sensors based on nanoscale periodic nanostructures. The optical properties of the nanostructures have been applied for gas, virus, and particulate matter (PM) sensing. For example, the nanostructures can detect bio-molecules at very low concentration. In addition, we have achieved low part-per-billion (ppb) level of volatile organic compound gaseous sensing in mid infrared. By integrating the phase detection scheme with the nanostructures, we are aiming to develop new sensors to detect COVID-19 and influenza viruses for healthcare and environmental surveillance.